Paper workshop. Dissertation chapter. Early American History Working Group, Yale University, New Haven, CT, May 6.

Presenter/panelist. Paper: "Revolutions in the Grass: Little Ice Age Agricultural Adjustments and the Acceleration of the 1740's-1770's in the Middle Colonies." Panel: "Climate, Commodities, and Colonial Life." Chair: Matthew Mulcahy (Loyola University Maryland). Comment: Anya Zilberstein (Concordia University). 28th Annual Omohundro Institute of Early American History & Culture Conference, Charleston, SC, June 13.

Presenter/panelist. "How landscape architects became plastic consumers: A history." Panel: "Environmental Histories of Plastics 1: Plastic Producers." Chairs: Finn Arne Jørgensen (University of Stavenger, Norway) and Elsa Devienne (Northumbria University, UK). European Society for Environmental History Conference, Uppsala, Sweden, August 18–22.